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Sacubitril/valsartan (SV) is a novel and effective therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Despite several sex-specific particularities that may influence drug effects, there has been no prior study evaluating the safety of SV in women with HFrEF in the “real-world.”
Methods
We performed a literature search to identify observational studies evaluating SV. We contacted all authors to obtain sex-specific data on major adverse outcomes. We compared all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) deaths, heart failure hospitalizations, hyperkalemia, and hypotension in men and women.
Results
We identified five cohort studies enrolling 8,981 patients; 6,092 men (67.8%) and 2,889 women (32.2%). The mean age was 67 years in both sexes. The rates for all-cause mortality, CV mortality, heart failure hospitalizations, hypotension, and hyperkalemia were similar between women and men. Although the unadjusted aggregate rates of all-cause and CV mortalities were numerically higher in men than in women, these differences did not reach statistical differences.
Conclusion
Our meta-analysis showed similar rates of major adverse events in men and women with HFrEF treated with SV. Larger observational studies with longer duration and a higher number of women are needed to confirm the long-term safety of SV in women in the clinical practice.
Résumé
Contexte
Le sacubitril/valsartan (SV) est un médicament novateur et efficace contre l’insuffisance cardiaque à fraction d’éjection réduite (ICFER). Malgré le fait que plusieurs particularités sexospécifiques peuvent influencer les effets du médicament, aucune étude préalable n’a été menée pour évaluer l’innocuité du SV chez les femmes atteintes d’ICFER dans la "vraie vie".
Méthodologie
Nous avons effectué une recherche de la littérature pour recenser les études observationnelles évaluant le SV Nous avons communiqué avec tous les auteurs pour obtenir des données sexospécifiques sur les principaux issus défavorables. Nous avons comparé les données sur les décès toutes causes confondues et les décès d’origine cardiovasculaire (CV), les hospitalisations pour cause d’insuffisance cardiaque, l’hyperkaliémie et l’hypotension tant chez les hommes que chez les femmes.
Résultats
Nous avons recensé cinq études de cohortes auxquelles ont participé 8 981 patients, soit 6 092 hommes (67,8 %) et 2 889 femmes (32,2 %). L’âge moyen était de 67 ans chez les patients des deux sexes. Les taux de décès toutes causes confondues, de décès d’origine CV, d’hospitalisation pour cause d’insuffisance cardiaque, d’hypotension et d’hyperkaliémie chez les femmes étaient similaires à ceux notés chez les hommes. Les taux globaux non ajustés de décès toutes causes confondues et de décès d’origine CV étaient numériquement plus élevés chez les hommes que chez les femmes, mais il n’y avait pas de différence sur le plan statistique.
Conclusion
Notre méta-analyse a mis en évidence des taux similaires d’événements indésirables majeurs chez les hommes et chez les femmes atteints d’ICFER traités par le SV. Des études observationnelles à plus grande échelle avec de plus longue durée et un nombre plus élevé de femmes devront être menées pour confirmer l’innocuité à long terme du SV en pratique clinique chez les femmes.
Sacubitril/valsartan (SV) is the first commercially available angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor
SV is superior to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone inhibition alone in reduction of all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) mortality in patients who have heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).
Beneficial and harmful effects of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.
It remains unclear whether SV has different efficacy and effectiveness in women and men with HFrEF.
Moreover, the applicability of findings from randomized control trials (RCT) to the real-world setting may be limited, as women were generally underrepresented in most HFrEF trials.
Beneficial and harmful effects of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.
reported that women were at increased risk of SV discontinuation compared with men. Consequently, we aim to compare the safety of SV in women to men with HFrEF in a meta-analysis of observational studies.
Methods
We performed a meta-analysis of observational studies, according to the standards detailed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Review and Meta-Analyses statement.
The conceptual basis of our search was sacubitril/valsartan or Entresto and heart failure. We searched the following electronic databases: Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Embase from July 2015 (date of US Food and Drug Administration Act’s approval of Entresto [the commercial name of SV]) to 31 August 2020. We conducted searches using subject terms and keywords searching. We used the following MESH terms and title/abstract search terms:
((("heart failure"[MeSH Terms] AND ("sacubitril valsartan"[Title/Abstract] OR "Entresto"[Title/Abstract]) AND ("registries"[MeSH Terms] OR "cohort studies"[MeSH Terms] OR "observational"[Title/Abstract])) OR ("female"[MeSH Terms] OR "women"[Title/Abstract])) AND "reduced ejection fraction"[Title/Abstract]) AND (2015:2020[pdat]) We did not apply any language restriction.
We included all cohorts with available cardiovascular outcomes in HFrEF patients treated with SV for women and men separately. We excluded review articles, case reports, meeting abstracts, and duplicates. We also examined all references of fully reviewed manuscripts to ensure retrieval of all potentially relevant articles. Two readers independently reviewed the selected studies and completed data extraction (K.N. and T.H.). We evaluated individual studies for biases (Newcastle-Ottawa scale)
(Supplemental Table S1). We resolved conflicts by consensus. For studies that did not report sex-specific outcomes, we contacted the individual investigators to obtain sex-specific data.
For data analysis, we used the longest follow-up period provided in the included studies. We computed the weighted mean age, proportions of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, heart failure hospitalization (HFH), all-cause mortality, CV mortality, hyperkalemia (serum potassium > 5.5 mEq/L), and hypotension (systolic blood pressure < 90 mm Hg). We compared the odds ratios of all major adverse events in women to men by random-effects model SAS version 9.4.
Results
We retrieved a total of 577 citations, evaluated 95 abstracts, and thoroughly reviewed 24 pertinent manuscripts. Of the reviewed manuscripts, 10 studies were relevant for inclusion. We contacted the 10 authors for sex-specific data. The final analysis included 5 observational studies for which sex-specific data could be provided.
The effect of sacubitril/valsartan on device detected arrhythmias and electrical parameters among dilated cardiomyopathy patients with reduced ejection fraction and implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
Sacubitril/valsartan reduces ventricular arrhythmias in parallel with left ventricular reverse remodeling in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
The effect of sacubitril/valsartan on device detected arrhythmias and electrical parameters among dilated cardiomyopathy patients with reduced ejection fraction and implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
Sacubitril/valsartan reduces ventricular arrhythmias in parallel with left ventricular reverse remodeling in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
We presented the selection of studies in Figure 1, their designs in Supplemental Table S1 and their qualities in Supplemental Table S2. All studies were of high quality and did not have any major bias that could affect substantively the results.
Figure 1Selection of studies. RCT, randomized controlled trials.
There were 8,981 patients enrolled in these registries; 6,092 men (67.8%) and 2,889 women (32.2%). The definition of HFrEF varied across the included studies: The cohorts of Vicent et al.
The effect of sacubitril/valsartan on device detected arrhythmias and electrical parameters among dilated cardiomyopathy patients with reduced ejection fraction and implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
Sacubitril/valsartan reduces ventricular arrhythmias in parallel with left ventricular reverse remodeling in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
We summarized the patients' baseline clinical features in Table 1. The weighted mean age was 67.6 ± 5.3 years and 67.5 ± 5.1 years in women and men, respectively. The baseline characteristics and concomitant HF pharmacotherapies were comparable in both sexes. Most of the patients were on β-blockers. The uses of mineralocorticosteroid antagonists were variable among the cohorts with rates as low as 36%
The effect of sacubitril/valsartan on device detected arrhythmias and electrical parameters among dilated cardiomyopathy patients with reduced ejection fraction and implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
Sacubitril/valsartan reduces ventricular arrhythmias in parallel with left ventricular reverse remodeling in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
The effect of sacubitril/valsartan on device detected arrhythmias and electrical parameters among dilated cardiomyopathy patients with reduced ejection fraction and implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
The follow-up ranged from 2 to 12 months, with approximately half of the patients (48.7%) followed up for 5 months. We presented the pooled incidence rates of major adverse outcomes in Table 2. The pooled all-cause mortality rates were 3.6% and 2.1% for men and women, respectively. The pooled mean rates of hyperkalemia and hypotension were low at 2.1% and 3.6% for men, respectively, and 2.3% and 5.0% for women, respectively.
Table 2Incidences of major adverse outcomes by individual study
Sacubitril/valsartan reduces ventricular arrhythmias in parallel with left ventricular reverse remodeling in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
The effect of sacubitril/valsartan on device detected arrhythmias and electrical parameters among dilated cardiomyopathy patients with reduced ejection fraction and implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
We presented the forest plots comparing all-cause and CV mortalities, hypotension, worsening renal function and hyperkalemia in men and women in Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4. There was no significant heterogeneity in all outcomes evaluated. The odds for all-cause mortality, CV mortality, HFH, hypotension, and hyperkalemia were similar between women and men (Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4). Both hyperkalemia and symptomatic hypotension were infrequent and occurred at similar frequencies in both sexes. Although the unadjusted rates of all-cause and CV mortalities were numerically higher in men, these differences did not reach statistical differences. For partial adjustment of the variable duration of follow-up between studies, we compared projected incidence rates of adverse outcomes per 100 person-years between men and women (Supplemental Table S4).
Figure 2Forest plot comparing all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in women and men treated with sacubitril/valsartan. I2 is 0% for all-cause mortality and 2.23% for cardiovascular mortality. CI, confidence interval; LCI, lower bound of the confidence interval; OR, odds ratio, UCI, upper bound of the confidence interval.
Figure 3Forest plot comparing hyperkalemia in women and men treated with sacubitril/valsartan. I2 is 0% for all-cause mortality and 2.23% for cardiovascular mortality. CI, confidence interval; LCI, lower bound of the confidence interval; OR, odds ratio, UCI, upper bound of the confidence interval.
Figure 4Forest plot comparing hypotension in women and men treated with sacubitril/valsartan. I2 is 0% for all-cause mortality and 2.23% for cardiovascular mortality. CI, confidence interval; LCI, lower bound of the confidence interval; OR, odds ratio, UCI, upper bound of the confidence interval.
We also completed sensitivity analyses with fixed-effect models, which may be more sensitive to small differences (Supplemental Table S5). The results of these models were similar to those with random-effect models except for higher I-squared suggesting heterogeneity for CV mortality and HFH (Supplemental Table S5). Additionally, Breslow-Day, Cochran’s Q did not detect any significant heterogeneity (Supplemental Table S5).
Discussion
Our meta-analysis showed that women with HFrEF treated with SV had similar all-cause mortality, CV mortality, hyperkalemia, and hypotension as men with HFrEF treated with sacubitril-valsartan. The adverse events were infrequent in both men and women in the real world and comparable to the findings of the pivotal trials.
Beneficial and harmful effects of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.
did not provide any sex-specific recommendations for SV (apart from a warning of potential fetal toxicity in pregnant women and advised discontinuation of SV in breastfeeding women). However, women have several biological characteristics that may influence the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic of SV.
Beneficial and harmful effects of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.
The effect of sacubitril/valsartan on device detected arrhythmias and electrical parameters among dilated cardiomyopathy patients with reduced ejection fraction and implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
Sacubitril/valsartan reduces ventricular arrhythmias in parallel with left ventricular reverse remodeling in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
The overall similarities in the mean age, DM, and hypertension in the cohort studies and RCTs were reassuring and suggested that the benefits of SV shown in the RCTs may be extrapolated to the real world. All-cause mortality was infrequent and comparable to the mortality rates reported in the RCTs evaluating SV with short follow-up durations (Comparison of Pre-discharge and Post-Discharge Treatment Initiation of LCZ696 in Heart Failure Patients With Reduced Ejection-Fraction After an Acute Decompensation Event [TRANSITION] and Angiotensin–Neprilysin Inhibition in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure [PIONEER-HF]).
The potential superiority in mortality reduction of SV in women compared with men with HF and preserved ejection fraction in the PARAGON-HF trial suggested that this drug may have a differential sex-specific impact.
Notwithstanding the lack of significance, all-cause and CV mortalities were numerically lower in women compared with men in our meta-analysis. The short follow-up of the included studies may have limited our statistical power to detect significant differences in mortalities between the men and women.
Hypotension was infrequent and slightly higher in women in the observational studies. Its incidence was comparable to the rate observed in the PARADIGM-HF trial when limited to hypotension defined as systolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg. In the observational studies, hyperkalemia was rare and similar between men and women. The markedly reduced incidence of hyperkalemia in our meta-analysis of observational studies compared to hyperkalemia observed in the RCTs (2% vs 12%),
may reflect less frequent serum potassium monitoring outside the RCT context. The low incidence of clinically significant hyperkalemia in the observational studies was reassuring, considering the appropriate use of concomitant mineralo-corticosteroid antagonists in these cohorts, with rates as high as 93% in one cohort.
The effect of sacubitril/valsartan on device detected arrhythmias and electrical parameters among dilated cardiomyopathy patients with reduced ejection fraction and implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
Approximately 9% of patients in the pooled cohort studies had at least 1 HFH. This incidence was similar between the 2 sexes and comparable with the incidence reported in the PIONEER-HF trial.
Finally, we could not ascertain accurately the incidence of worsening renal function, as there were only 3 studies that reported this endpoint in 661 patients.
The effect of sacubitril/valsartan on device detected arrhythmias and electrical parameters among dilated cardiomyopathy patients with reduced ejection fraction and implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
Sacubitril/valsartan reduces ventricular arrhythmias in parallel with left ventricular reverse remodeling in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
Our meta-analysis has some limitations worth addressing. First, all meta-analyses are subject to publication bias. It was possible that despite an extensive search, we may have missed important cohort studies evaluating the safety of SV. Furthermore, we could not obtain sex-specific data from five observational studies evaluating SV. However, these studies were small with their combined number of patients totaling only 716 and followed only for 7 months. Therefore, it would be unlikely that inclusion of these studies would substantially alter our findings. Second, because of the novelty of SV as a therapy for HFrEF, the number of studies with sufficient data to be included was modest. Accordingly, the power of our meta-analysis to detect meaningful differences in adverse outcomes between the 2 sexes was limited. Third, we did not obtain individual patient data. Therefore, we could not adjust for patient-level characteristics. Fourth, all of our studies were completed in countries with predominant white populations.
The effect of sacubitril/valsartan on device detected arrhythmias and electrical parameters among dilated cardiomyopathy patients with reduced ejection fraction and implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
Sacubitril/valsartan reduces ventricular arrhythmias in parallel with left ventricular reverse remodeling in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
Consequently, our findings could not be extrapolated to other races. Finally, although we did not explicitly evaluate the short-term safety outcomes of SV therapy, the incidences of long-term safety outcomes did include the short-term adverse outcomes.
Conclusion
The safety of SV is similar in women and men in the real world and comparable to that in the RCTs. Future observational studies with a larger number of women and of longer duration are needed to confirm the long-term safety of SV in women in the clinical practice.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Dr Shannon Dunlay for providing sex-specific data of the study by Tan et al.
There was no funding provided for this meta-analysis.
Disclosures
Dr Pieter Martens has received consultancy fees and unrestricted research grants from Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Novartis, Novo Nordisk and Vifor pharma. Dr Thao Huynh received research grants from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Novartis and Pfizer. The other authors do not have any pertinent conflicts of interest to disclose.
Beneficial and harmful effects of sacubitril/valsartan in patients with heart failure: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis.
The effect of sacubitril/valsartan on device detected arrhythmias and electrical parameters among dilated cardiomyopathy patients with reduced ejection fraction and implantable cardioverter defibrillator.
Sacubitril/valsartan reduces ventricular arrhythmias in parallel with left ventricular reverse remodeling in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction.
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